The 18 Parvas

ராதே கிருஷ்ணா 13-08-2015

The 18 Parvas

BOOKS ON HINDUISM

The division of 18 parvas are as follows:

1. Adi Parva (The Book of the Beginning) - 1-19 - How the Mahabharata came to be narrated by Sauti to the assembled rishis at Naimisharanya. The recital of the Mahabharata at the sarpasattra of Janamejaya by Vaishampayana at Takshila. The history of the Bharata race is told in detail and the parva also traces history of the Bhrigu race. The birth and early life of the Kuru princes. (adi means first)

2. Sabha Parva (The Book of the Assembly Hall) - 20-28 - Maya Danava erects the palace and court (sabha), at Indraprastha. Life at the court, Yudhishthira's Rajasuya Yajna, the game of dice, and the eventual exile of the Pandavas.

3. Vana Parva also Aranyaka-parva, Aranya-parva (The Book of the Forest) - 29-44 - The twelve years of exile in the forest (aranya).

4. Virata Parva (The Book of Virata) - 45-48 - The year in incognito spent at the court of Virata.

5. Udyoga Parva (The Book of the Effort) - 49-59 - Preparations for war and efforts to bring about peace between the Kurus and the Pandavas which eventually fail (udyoga means effort or work).

6. Bhishma Parva (The Book of Bhishma) - 60-64 - The first part of the great battle, with Bhishma as commander for the Kauravas and his fall on the bed of arrows.

7. Drona Parva (The Book of Drona) - 65-72 - The battle continues, with Drona as commander. This is the major book of the war. Most of the great warriors on both sides are dead by the end of this book.

8. Karna Parva (The Book of Karna) – 73 - The battle again, withKarna as commander.

9. Shalya Parva (The Book of Shalya) - 74-77 - The last day of the battle, withShalya as commander. Also told in detail is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war, since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace.

10. Sauptika Parva (The Book of the Sleeping Warriors) - 78-80 - Ashvattama, Kripa and Kritavarma kill the remaining Pandava army in their sleep. Only 7 warriors remain on the Pandava side and 3 on the Kaurava side.

11. Stri Parva (The Book of the Women) - 81-85 - Gandhari, Kunti and the women (stri) of the Kurus and Pandavas lament the dead.

12. Shanti Parva (The Book of Peace) - 86-88 - The crowning of Yudhisthira as king of Hastinapura, and instructions from Bhishma for the newly anointed king on society, economics and politics. This is the longest book of the Mahabharata (shanti means peace).

13. Anushasana Parva (The Book of the Instructions) - 89-90 - The final instructions (anushasana) from Bhishma.

14. Ashvamedhika Parva (The Book of the Horse Sacrifice) - 91-92 - The royal ceremony of the Ashvamedha (Horse sacrifice) conducted by Yudhisthira. The world conquest by Arjuna. The Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna.

15. Ashramavasika Parva (The Book of the Hermitage) - 93-95 - The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage in the Himalayas. Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas.

16. Mausala Parva (The Book of the Clubs) – 96 - The infighting between the Yadavs with maces (mausala) and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas.

17. Mahaprasthanika Parva (The Book of the Great Journey) – 97 - The great journey of Yudhisthira and his brothers across the whole country and finally their ascent of the great Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Yudhisthira.

18. Svargarohana Parva (The Book of the Ascent to Heaven) – 98 - Yudhisthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world (svarga).

Khila - Harivamsa Parva (The Book of the Genealogy of Hari) - 99-100 - Life of Krishna which is not covered in the 18 parvas of the Mahabharata.

Adi Parva

Structure and chapters

Bharata, the son of Sakuntala, after her love marriage with Dushmanta.^[3]Their courtship and love affair is described in Adi Parva's chapters in Sambhava Upa-Parva; as is the story of birth and childhood of Bharata. Above painting by Raja Ravi Varma.

The Adi Parva consists of 19 upa-parvas or sub-books (also referred to as little books). Each sub-book is also called a parva, and is further subdivided into chapters, for a total of 236 chapters in Adi Parva. The names of 19 sub-books of Adi Parva, along with a brief of each sub-book.

1. Anukramanika Parva

Sauti meets Rishis in a forest. They express a desire to hear Mahabharata. The parva describes the significance of Mahabharata, claims comprehensive synthesis of all human knowledge, and why it must be studied.

2. Sangraha Parva

Outline of contents of 18 books of Mahabharata.

3. Paushya Parva

Stories about Janamejaya, Aruni, Upamanyu, Utanka, Paushya and sage Dhaumya.

4. Pauloma Parva

History of Bhargava race of men and Ruru. Story of Pauloma and Chyavana.

5. Astika Parva

Mahabharata‍ '​s version of churning of ocean to create the world. Theories on dharma, bondage and release. Story about snakes, Janamejya's vow to kill all snakes, step to annihilate them with a sacrificial fire, decision to apply Ahimsa (non-violence) to snakes and all life forms. Story of birth of Astika.

6. Adivansavatarana Parva

History of Pandava and Kuru princes. Story of Satyavati, Karna, Vasudeva and Animandavya. Appeal to Brahma that gods should reincarnate to save the chaos that earth has become.

7. Sambhava Parva

Theory of life on earth and gods. Story of Drona, Krona and other sages. The romance of Dushyanta and Sakuntala, their love marriage, birth of Bharata. Sakuntala goes to Dushyanta with the boy, he first refuses to remember her and their marriage, later apologizes and accepts. Bharata becomes prince. Stories of Devyani, Puru, Yadu and the Paurava race of men. The Pandava brothers retreat into the forest, their persecution by Dhritarastra. The story about the Swayamvara of Kunti. Marriage of Madri, Vidura. Attempts to reconcile the conflict between Kauravas and Pandavas.

8. Jatugriha-daha Parva

Kanika's counsel to Dhritarastra on how to rule a kingdom, how deception is an effective tool for governance and war, against enemies and potential competition; Kanika's symbolic tale about jackal, tiger, mouse, mongoose and deer; his advice that a weak ruler should ignore his own weaknesses and focus on other people's weakness, pretend to be friends while being cruel and destructive to others, particularly when the competition is good and stronger. Dhritarastra schemes to build a home for Pandavas in the forest, from lac and other inflammable materials, as a friendly gesture, but with plans to burn them alive on the darkest night. Kanika's theory is called wicked and evil by Vidura, a sage of true knowledge and the good, who is also the advisor and friend to Pandavas. Vidura and Pandavas plan escape by building a tunnel inside the inflammable house. The fire, then escape of Pandavas. Dhritarastra falsely believes Pandavas are dead.

Adi Parva describes the escape of virtuous Pandavas from the flammable home built by and set ablaze by evil king Dhritarastra. Bhima, the giant brother, carries his youngest brothers through smoke.

9. Hidimva-vadha Parva^[3]

After escape from fire, the wanderings of Pandava brothers. Story of Bhima and the she-Rakshasha Hidimba. She falls in love with Bhima, and refuses to help her brother. The battle between Bhima and Hidimba's demon brother, showing the enormous strength of the giant brother Bhima. Bhima and Hidimba have a son named Ghatotkacha.

10. Vaka-vadha Parva

The life of Pandavas brothers in Ekachakra. Story about Bhima slaying another demon Vaka, who has been terrorizing people of Ekachakra. Heroine of Mahabharata, Draupadi, is born in holy fire. Words spread that Pandavas may be alive.

11. Chaitraratha Parva

Pandavas set out for Panchala. Story of Tapati, Vashistha and Vishwamitra. Dehumanization and persecution of Bhrigu race of men.

12. Swayamvara Parva

Pandavas arrive in Panchala. Draupadi's swayamvara, Pandavas arrive in disguise, Arjuna and Bhima excel, win Draupadi's heart and hand, her marriage to Pandava brothers. Krishna introduced, recognizes the individuals in disguise are Pandava brothers.

13. Vaivahika Parva

Drupada delights at discovering Pandavas are alive. Nuptials and marriage.

14. Viduragamana Parva

Vidura's attempt to reconcile the evil Kaurava brothers and the good Pandava brothers. Various speeches by Karna, Bhisma, Drona and Vidura.

15. Rajya-labha Parva

Return of Pandavas to Hastinapur, with blessings of Krishna. Reconstruction of the city. Story about Sanda, Upasanda and Narada.

16. Arjuna-vanavasa Parva

Arjuna violates dharma. He accepts voluntary exile. Arjuna marries Ulupi, rescues Apsaras. Story highlights his special powers and competence. Arjuna and Krishna become close friends. Arjuna goes to Dwarka, lives with Krishna.

17. Subhadra-harana Parva

Arjuna falls for and takes away Subhadra, Krishna's sister. Upset Vrishnis prepare war with Arjuna, but finally desist.

18. Harana-harika Parva

Arjuna returns from exile, with Shubhadra. They marry. Their son Abhimanyu is born. Story about five sons of Draupadi.

19. Khandava-daha Parva

The rule of Yudhisthira - theory and role of effective kings. Story of Varuna, Agni and Indra. The fight of Krishna (called Achyuta) and Arjuna with celestials, show of their combined abilities and victory.

Sabha Parva

Structure and chapters

Sabha Parva has 10 sub-parvas (sub-books, little books), and a total of 81 chapters (sections).^[2][5] The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Sabhakriya Parva (Chapters 1-4)

The first parva of second book describes the construction of palace for Yudhisthira and his brothers, then the finished palace. Sages and kings are invited to celebrate the completion of palace.

2. Lokapala Sabhakhayana Parva (Chapters 5-13)

Sage Narada arrives at the palace for celebrations. The sage rhetorically explains^[8] the theory of state craft for kings, how to find the most able people and make them ministers, how to train and take care of military, watch over enemies, rules of espionage, rules of war,^[9] support families of veterans who die or get injured at war, the support of farmers and merchants, care for poor and distressed in their empire, policies on tax, create incentive for Artha and prosperity, free trade, reward merit, pursue and punish criminal activities, deliver justice equally and without favor. Narada proclaims it is the duty of the king to serve the cause of Dharma, Artha and Kama in his kingdom. This theory of administration and governance of a kingdom in Sabha Parva, summarizes the detailed discussions in the Indian classic Arthasastra, claim scholars.^[10] The other Indian Epic, Ramayana has a similar kaccid summary chapter on fair administration and the rule of law.Yudhisthira promises to follow Narada's advice. Narada describes the design, architecture and assembly halls of Yama, Varuna, Indra, Kubera and Brahma. Narada asks Yudhisthira to perform Rajasuya.

3. Rajasuyarambha Parva (Chapters 14-19)

Krishna explains why Jarasandha - the king of Magadha - should be killed, why human sacrifices by Jarasandha must be stopped, Jarasandha's prisoners freed. This would also help complete Rajasuya, he counsels Yudhisthira. Krishna is asked why Jarasandha is powerful as well as evil. He explains with the story of Vrihatratha (lord of the earth) and demoness Jara, how Jarasandha was named after the demoness.

4. Jarasandha-vadha Parva (Chapters 20-24)

Krishna, Arjuna and Bhima arrive at Magadha, a prosperous kingdom inherited and ruled by Jarasandha. Krishna describes how King Goutama married Ushinara - a Sudra woman - and they had famous sons. They visit Jarasandha, who demands to know why he is being considered an enemy of Krishna, Arjuna and Bhima, when he has done nothing wrong to any of them personally. Krishna explains that persecution of men is cruelty to virtuous life, and human sacrifice is a crime against humanity. Such a crime is sin that touches every one, including Bhima, Arjuna and him. Jarasandha's sin is injustice that must be challenged. They invite him to either release all the prisoners scheduled for human sacrifice or accept a battle to death.^[12] Jarasandha chooses war, picks Bhima as the adversary. Krishna counsels Bhima on principles ofjust war theory, a theory that appears in more detail in other books of Mahabharata. Bhima kills Jarasandha. The prisoners targeted for human sacrifices are freed.

Draupadi s presented to a parcheesi game

5. Digvijaya Parva (Chapters 25-31)

Pandava brothers expand their empire. Arjuna conquers the north, Bhima the east, Sahadeva the south, and Nakula wins the west. Yudhisthira is declared Dharmaraja. Digvijaya Parva describes the geography, tribes and various kingdoms as these brothers go in different directions to expand their empire.

6. Rajasuyika Parva (Chapters 32-34)

Krishna visit Yudhisthira with presents. The Pandava brothers prepare for Rajasuya ceremony.

7. Arghyaharana Parva (Chapters 35-38)

Kings, sages and visitors from around the world arrive for Rajasuya ceremony. Sahadeva offers Arghya - an offering with worship - to Krishna. Shishupala objects. Kings take sides. Hostilities begin. Shishupala leaves with some kings following him. Yudhisthira attempts reconciliation and peace talks.

8. Sisupala-vadha Parva (Chapters 39-44)

The sub-parva describes how and why Krishna first refuses to fight Shishupala, but finally kills him in the assembly hall during the Rajasuya yagna. Krishna leaves.

The virtuous king Yudhisthira succumbs to his addiction to gambling, he loses his kingdom, his brothers, his wife in bets. Picture shows disrobing of queen Draupadi, when he loses her in a game of dice.

9. Dyuta Parva (Chapters 45-73)

Sakuni, the maternal uncle of Duryodhana, advises him that Pandava brothers cannot be defeated in a battle or by virtuous means; the only way to vanquish them is to exploit the weakness of Yudhisthira, his fondness for gambling. Duryodhana asks Dhritarashtrato exploit Yudhisthira's weakness over the game of dice. They ask Shakuni to tempt and defeat Yudhisthira. Shakuni provokes Yudhisthira for the game of dice. Yudhisthira shows reluctance to gambling. Shakuni mocks him. Yudhisthira accepts the provocation, bets his kingdom, his brothers, himself, and finally his wife in the 20th round of the game of dice; Shakuni wins everything. Draupadi is humiliated in the Assembly Hall by disrobing; her virtue leads gods to protect her in a skirt. Upset Draupadiquestions the game, argues that she is not owned by Yudhisthira, the 20th round was flawed because it wrongfully treated her as property. Everyone in the Assembly Hall, including Yudhisthira and Dhritarashtra agree. The entire gambling game is declared invalid, Yudhisthira recovers everything he had lost.^[5][13]

10. Anudyuta Parva (Chapters 74-81)

Yudhisthira is invited back again for the game of dice, Yudhisthira succumbs, and they play for one stake. Dhritarashtra bets kingdom of Hastinapur and Yudhisthira bets kingdom of Indraprastha. They agree that the loser will go into exile for 12 years and the 13th year, unrecognized in some inhabited place, and if they are recognized in the 13th year they are found then they would go into exile for another 12 years. Yudhisthira loses the game of dice again. The Pandava brothers move into exile. Dhritarashtra comes to power. Sages counsel him to make peace with Pandavas, seek a solution that unites the two sides. Dhritarashtra refuses.^[2] Scholars^[1] have questioned why Yudhisthira the Dharmaraja, who had it all, and was praised for enabling an empire infused with Dharma, Artha and Kama, who was so consistently ethical and moral until the last two Parvas, succumbs so suddenly to gambling.

Vana Parva

Structure and chapters

This book has 21 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 324 sections (chapters). The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Aranyaka Parva (sections: 1-10)

Pandavas go into exile to the forest of Kamyaka. Sage Vidura advises Dhritarashta to recall Yudhisthira and give him back his kingdom. Dhritarashtra refuses, Vidura leaves and joins Pandava brothers. Vyasa, as well as Maitreya counsel Dhritarashtra to conclude peace with the Pandavas. Dhritarashtra refuses.

2. Kirmirabadha Parva (section 11)

The battle between man-eating demon Kirmira and the giant Pandava brother, Bhima. Kirmira is killed.

3. Arjunabhigamana Parva (sections: 12-37)

The parva introduces Krishna, his accomplishments in the past. Krishna criticizes gambling as one of four sins that ruins a man, laments he was absent when Yudhisthira accepted the game of dice. Yudhisthira expresses remorse and anguish for his gambling habit. Krishna suggests persuasion, followed by force if necessary, is appropriate to prevent one's friend before he commits a sinful act such as gambling. Draupadi appeals to Yudhisthira to wreak vengeance on Kaurava (Kuru) brothers. In Chapters 27 through 36, the theory of forgiveness is debated between various characters - should one always forgive, never forgive, and forgive sometimes; when is it appropriate to forgive people or oneself, when it is not; what are appropriate and proportionate punishment? The chapters also discuss anger, how it is destructive to a person and to society at large. Draupadi offers arguments of cause and effect of actions (karma), suggests free will, and questions whether forgiveness defeats the principle of consequences. Yudhisthira disagrees with Draupadi, and presents the theory that virtue is its own reward. Draupadi praises those who believe in free will and shape the future, she censures those who believe in chance or destiny. Bhima questions whether virtue is virtue if it creates misery for everyone; suggests that Dharma (virtue) and Artha (profit) and Kama (emotional pleasure) should normally go together, thereafter he presents arguments for use of will and force to regain the kingdom. Yudhisthira disagrees with Bhima, argues one must keep one's pledge once made. The arguments are left open ended, with no consensus conclusion presented, the characters retire from the debate pensively. Vyasa arrives, and shares the theory and knowledge of Pratismriti with the Pandavas.

4. Kirata Parva (sections: 38-41)

Arjuna meditates and lives like an austere Rishi in the forest, to gain knowledge. Mahadeva (Shiva) visits Arjuna, disguised as Kirata. They battle each other, which ends in draw. Mahadeva reveals his true identity. Indra and other deities visit Arjuna.

5. Indralokagamana Parva (sections: 42-51)

Vana Parva has the love story ofNala and Damayanti, where Nala like Yudhisthira once suffered from gambling. The story describes how Nala overcomes his mistake and learns a life lesson. The story also describes how a swan introduces Nala to Damayanti, carries love messages between them, how at her Swayamvara- the time to choose whom she will marry, she picks Nala the human, from a parade of gods.

Arjuna visits heaven. The parva describes the city of Indra. Gods furnish celestial weapons to Arjuna. Goddess Urvasi seduces Arjuna, enters his bedroom. Married Arjuna declines to mate with her. Urvasi gets angry, curses. Deity Indra converts the curse into a boon.

6. Nalopakhyana Parva (sections: 52-79)

Yudhisthira continues in his anguish that his gambling error has caused, declares himself the most wretched person on earth. Vrihadashwa consoles him with the story of Nala, another prince who erred by gambling, and recovered from his mistake. Nalopakhyana parva recites the love story of prince Nala and princess Damayanti, who never met each other, yet fall in love with each other, after learning about each other's character, virtues, passions and beliefs through a hansa (swan). The feathery messenger transmits their love messages. Damayanti's father announces a Swayamvara - a contest between eligible bachelors so that Damayanti can watch and choose the man she wants to marry. The gods arrive to win over Damayanti, the gods pick Nala as their representative and messenger. Nala is in a bind, but tries honestly to convince Damayanti that she marry Indra, or one of the deities. Damayanti picks Nala, the human. One of the gods gets upset at Damayanti's choice, so he challenges Nala to a game of dice. Nala, like Yudhisthira, loses the game and the kingdom to Pushkara; he goes into exile, Nala and Damayanti are separated even though they want to be together. Damayanti runs away from her father's kingdom. Several chapters describe their various traumas and adventures. Damayanti's father finds her, she returns to the kingdom. A new, second Swayamvara is announced. Nala comes to the kingdom disguised as Vahuka. Damayanti discovers Vahuka, knows it is Nala. They meet, talk. Nala gets the kingdom back from Pushkara. Damayanti and Nala take over the kingdom, live happily ever after.^[10] The story inspires Yudhisthira to focus on the future.

7. Tirtha-yatra Parva (sections: 80-157) Sage Narada visits the Pandava brothers. He suggests tirthas to Pandava brothers - a visit to holy places in India. The parva provides the benefits, directions and a list of tirthas - Kurukshetra, Ganga, Yamuna, Prayaga, Pratisthana, Brahmasara, and others. Pandavas start the Narada-recommended tirthas. The history of various gods is described. The parva includes the story of Ushinara, the pigeon and the hawk. The hawk wants to eat the pigeon, pigeon comes to Ushinara and requests protection from hawk. The hawk questions Ushinara as to why he is going against Dharma - the principles of life. Ushinara explains that it is his Dharma to protect the weak from the strong. The hawk claims that by denying him pigeon-food, Ushinara is denying food to his children and his wife in his nest, as well he who is oppressed by hunger; by protecting the pigeon, Ushinara is saving the pigeon but killing baby-hawks. The parva then presents the theory of contesting virtues,^[11] that is when one good is in conflict with another good, how must one choose between two goods, between two conflicting virtues? Ushinara answers with the theory of preponderance, then offers to hunt and feed the hawk, an offer that is questioned and rejected on celestial Dharma grounds by the hawk. Finally, to save the pigeon's life, Ushinara offers his own flesh to feed the hawk. The hawk accepts the offer; Ushinara cuts his own flesh of volume equal to pigeon, and weighs it. It falls short, so he cuts and adds more of his own flesh. But the pigeon's weight keeps on increasing. Ushinara finally has to weigh his whole body to equal that of the pigeon - when he does so, the hawk reappears as deity Indra and the pigeon reappears as deity Agni. They restore Ushinara, praise his virtue and compassion. Other stories include king Janaka's sacrifice, king Somaka and his liberation from hell, how Bhagiratha brought Ganges river to earth from heaven, the births of Ashtavakra, Mandhata and Rishyasringa, the journey of Bhima for celestial lotuses.

8. Yaksha-yudha Parva (sections: 158-164)

A demon kidnaps Yudhisthira, Draupadi and the twins. Bhima finds and slays the demon. Pandavas arrive at the hermitage of Arshtishena. Arjuna returns from heaven.

9. Nivata-kavacha-yudha Parva (sections: 165-175)^[

Arjuna describes his travel, why he left, where he was, what he did. Arjuna shows the celestial weapons he now possessed. He demonstrates their effectiveness by destroying the aerial city of Hiranyapura, then proceeds to demonstrate before Yudhisthira his power further. In Chapter 175, sage Narada appears, counsels that war and weapons should not be unleashed unless there is necessary and compelling cause, that rash violence is destructive and wrong. This puts a stop to the violence.

10. Ajagara Parva (sections: 176-181)

Pandavas arrive at Kailaca. A mighty snake, Nahusha ties up the giant Pandava brother, Bhima. Yudhisthira searches for Bhima, finds him in snake's grip. The snake offers to free Bhima if Yudhisthira answers his questions. The snake and Yudhisthira ask each other questions. This is a discourse on Dharma, the theory of birth-rebirth, transmigration and how to achieve moksha in Chapters 180 to 181. These chapters also offers a theory of caste - claiming it is very difficult to ascertain one's caste because all orders have had promiscuous intercourse. Ajagara Parva claims people from all the four castes are without restriction constantly interbreeding. All four have the same speech, cohabit, they all are born and die the same way. What matters, claims Yudhisthira, is the character of a person.^[12] Yudhisthira and the snake then discuss the relative merit of four virtues (charity, kind speech, truthfulness and unenviousness), which virtue is better than the other? They discuss universal spirit and salvation from transmigration. The snake lets go of Bhima, is itself released from a curse, appears as Nahusha, and achieves salvation.

11. Markandeya-Samasya Parva (sections: 182-231)

Markandeya presents the story of yugas (Kreta, Treta, Dapara and Kali yugas), and of Vami horses. Through Chapters 200 to 206, the parva offers contrasting views - both traditional and ritualistic, as well as knowledge and personal development - on vice and virtues.^[13] The parva, in Chapters 207-211, presents one of the many discussions on Karma doctrine, in Mahabharata. Chapters 211 to 215 explain the relationship between self discipline, virtues and qualities (sattva, rajas and tamas), how these qualities enables one to achieve knowledge of the supreme spirit. Markandeya-Samasya parva recites the story of Vrihaspati and of Skanda.

12. Draupadi-Satyabhama Samvada Parva (sections: 232-234)

Satyabhama asks Draupadi for advice on how to win affections of Krishna. Draupadi outlines duties of a wife.

Chapters 258-260 of Vana Parva describe the meeting of Pandavas and sage Vyasa in the forest (above). The sage tells the story of Mudgala, who after his death, refuses to go to heaven, prefers the path of knowledge instead. The swans carrying Mudgala (below) signify his moksha.

13. Ghosha-yatra Parva (sections: 235-256)^[2]

Karna advises Duryodhana to confront the Pandavas in exile, but Dhritarashtra dissaudes Duryodhana. Karna and Duryodhana leave for Dwaitavana. They quarrel with Gandharvas, are defeated and held captive. A request for rescue is sent to Yudhisthira, who urges his brothers to rescue the captives, even though these captives have been persecuting them. Yudhisthira explains why rescuing the captives is the right thing to do. The brothers decide to rescue, because Gandharvas are growing danger to humanity. When Pandavas arrive, Gandharvas release Duryodhana. This act of kindness makes Duryodhana despondent. Karna soothes Duryodhana, then proceeds to a wave of conquest and victories.

14. Mriga Sapnovbhava Parva (section 257)

Yudhishthira has a dream about a deer, who pleads that Pandavas living in the forest have invited many people to live there. The residents hunt indiscriminately, and the deer fear they will be exterminated. The deer pleads Yudhishthira to move to another location, which will prevent deer species from extinction. Yudhishthira concludes that it is his Dharma to ensure welfare of all creatures, including animals in a forest. The Pandava brothers discuss it, agree that wildlife deserves their compassion, and decide to move. The Pandavas move from Dwaitavana forest to Kamyaka forest.

15. Vrihi Drounika Parva (sections: 258-260)

Chapter 258 describes the 11th year of Pandavas exile, Sage Vyasa visits the Pandavas. He instructs on morality. Vyasa recites the story of Rishi Mudgala, who after his death refuses to be taken to heaven - the abode of celestial happiness. The story then describes Parabrahma, a place of contemplation and Jnana yoga, which is the path Mudgala chooses for his eternal emancipation.

16. Draupadi-harana Parva (sections: 261-270)

Draupadi is kidnapped by Jayadratha. Pandavas set out to rescue her. The story describes the battle and death of Jayadratha's followers and his capture. Jayadratha is not killed, but questioned by Yudhisthira.

17. Jayadhratha Vimokshana Parva (section 271)

Yudhisthira sets Jayadratha free. Jayadratha returns to his house in anger, seeking ways to take revenge against the Pandavas.

The love story of Savitri and Satyavan is described in Vana Parva.

18. Rama Upakhyana Parva (sections: 272-291)

The parva recites a short summary of Ramayana, the other Indian epic, in order to comfort Yudhisthira who laments the long exile his brothers have suffered.

19. Pativrata-mahatmya Parva (sections: 292-299)

Pativrata-mahatmya parva describes the love story of Savitri - a princess, and Satyavan - a hermit. They meet, fall in love. SageNarada informs Savitri of one defect of the virtuous man Satyayan, which is certain to kill him within a year.^[15] Savitri accepts and weds Satyayan, nevertheless, saying, "Whether his years be few or many, be he gifted with all grace or graceless, him my heart has chosen, and it chooseth not again."^[15] Savitri, who knows Satyavan will die soon, stays with him all the time. She follows him wherever, whenever he goes anywhere. One day Satyavan heads to the forest to collect wood, with Savitri following him. As predicted by sage Narada, the defect causes Satyayan's early death. Yama - the lord of death - appears before Savitri. Yama carries away Satyavan's soul; Savitri - in deep love for Satyayan, her husband - follows Yama.^[16] The lord of death tries to console, discourage her and asks her to move on. Savitri refuses to relent, follows Satyayan's soul and Yama. She obtains four boons from Yama, which ultimately forces Yama to release Satyavan's life. Satyavan returns to consciousness. Savitri and Satyavan live happily together.

20. Kundalaharana Parva (sections 299-309)

The parva describes the story of Karna, how he was born to Kunti and deity Surya, why Kunti placed the baby in a basket and let him adrift on river Aswa, how she felt sorry afterwards, how baby Karna was found by Radha and reared by Adhiratha. The chapters describe how Karna grows up and learns to be an expert bowman. Karna exchanges his divine ear-rings, for infallible arrow, with deity Indra. This introduction to Karna sets the stage for future chapters, as Karna plays a major role in later books of the Mahabharata.

21. Aranya Parva (sections: 310-324)

Pandavas return to Dwaitavana forest. They chase a deer who has carried away firesticks of a priest. The deer is too fast to catch. The Pandava brothers rest after exhaustion and from thirst. Each goes, one after another, to a lake to fetch water, where each dies. Finally Yudhisthira goes to the lake, where he laments the death of his brothers. Yaksha, with a booming aerial voice, appears. He interrogates Yudhisthira with 124 questions about nature of human life, necessary virtues for a happy life, ethics and morality.^[17] Yudhisthira answers the questions correctly. Yaksha revives Pandava brothers, and reveals himself as Dharma, awards Yudhisthira boons that will help the Pandavas in their 13th required year of concealed life.

Virata Parva

Structure and chapters

This book has 4 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 72 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][3] The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Pandava pravesha parva (sections: 1 - 13)

The Pandavas discuss ways they can each conceal their identity for one year, and thus meet the pledge they made at the time of their exile. While Pandavas have grown up in a princely family, they must now assume non-princely professions to avoid being detected. If they are detected, the terms of their exile pledge would extend the exile by another 12 years. Yudhisthira assumes the name of Kanka, Bhima of Ballaba, Arjuna dresses up in a saree and assumes the name of Vrihannala,^[7] Nakula as Granthika, Sahadeva as Tantipala,^[8] and Draupadi as Sairandhri.^[5][9] The parva describes Pandavas' life as workers in Virata's kingdom, with king Virata as a famous cow baron.^[1]

Maid Sairandhri (Draupadi) is humiliated in Virata's court by Kichaka (left) in the last month of the 13th year. Bhima kills Kichaka.

2. Kichaka-vadha parva (sections: 14 - 24)

Kichaka,^[10] the commander of king Virata's forces, sees maid Sairandhri (incognito Draupadi), lusts for her. Kichaka approaches the queen, and inquires about Sairandhri. The queen does not know the true identity of Sairandhri, and arranges a meeting. Sairandhri informs Kichaka that she is married, and his stalking of her is inappropriate and against Dharma. Kichaka offers her release from being a maid and a life of luxury. Sairandhri says it is wrong for him to continue pursuing her. Kichaka gets desperate, desires Sairandhri even more. Queen Shudeshna asks Sairandhri to go get wine for her from Kichaka's house. Sairindhri goes in fear to Kichaka house to get wine. Kichaka meets her there, tries to molest her, Sairandhri pushes him and runs to the court of king Virata. Kichaka chases her, catches and kicks her in the court of Virata in front of the king. Sairandhri (Draupadi) demands justice from the king. Virata and Kanka (Yudhisthira) console Sairandhri, promise due investigation of all facts and then justice. Sairandhri, upset with her humiliation, the delay in justice, scolds both the king and Kanka. The queen learns about the mistreatment of Sairindhri, promises death to Kichaka. Draupadi meets Bhima, describes her humiliation by Kichaka, as well as how frustrated she has been with the 12 years of exile, for suffering the vice of her husband Yudhisthira. Draupadi explains why Kichaka is evil, explains she repeatedly rejected Kichaka, and demands Kichaka's death. Next day, Kichaka again approaches maid Sairandhri, and harasses her. Sairandhri asks him to meet her at a hiding place. Bhima meets Kichaka instead, and kills Kichaka. Friends and family of Kichaka blame maid Sairandhri, for Kichaka's death, catch her and try to burn her to death. Bhima gets upset, attacks and kills all those trying to burn Sairandhri. Draupadi is saved.^[2] The story presents the interconnectedness of crime to people related to the victim and the perpetrator, their emotions and how people take sides. Kichaka story from the Mahabharata is one of those that is dramatized in Indian classical dances, such as Kathakali.^[11]

3. Go-grahana parva (sections: 25 - 69)

Prince Uttara, with the help ofArjuna, defeats the attack by the army of Kuru brothers. He returns to his capital with wealth and cows that were looted from Matsya kingdom. This story is recited in Go-grahana sub-book of Virata Parva.

The evil Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana disclose their spies have been looking for Pandavas in forests, villages, provinces and cities, unsuccessfully. Two more weeks are left of the 13th year of exile. Karna suggests they hire more competent spies, fan inside their kingdom, in holy places among ascetics, and in distant kingdoms. Drona recommends that instead of sending spies, Dhritarashtra should seek peace and welcome the Pandavas. Bhishma agrees with Drona, counsels Dhritarashtra to find the brothers where they are likely to be and bring them back. Bhishma speculates that the good and high souled people like Pandava brothers always create prosperity, peace, cheer and health of all creatures wherever they go. Look for them in places where prosperity and cheer has recently increased. Kripa agrees with Bhishma speculation, but suggests Dhritarashtra to prepare for war to kill Pandavas, as they are likely to be weak and without soldiers at the end of the exile. Susharma, the king of Trigartas, present during this discussion, suggests Virata kingdom fits this profile. Susharma recommends an attack on the Virata's kingdom of Matsya, seizure of its wealth of kine (cows) and recent prosperity. The army of Susharma attack Matsya, loot his kine and wealth, take king Virata captive. Bhima recommends immediate retaliation and war. Yudhisthira recommends caution and careful response. Pandavas join the war. Bhima frees Viarata, takes injured Susharma captive. Yudhisthira recommends that Susharma - the prisoner of war - be forgiven and freed, not killed. Virata, accompanied with Yudhisthira and Bhima, leaves his kingdom to bring back the kine and wealth from Susharma. In Virata's absence, Duryodhana and his army attack Viarata's kingdom of Matsya. Prince Uttara, the son of Virata, attempts a response, but is afraid of war. Arjuna becomes the charioteer of Uttara. Uttara and Arjuna enter the war. The parva then describes several battles, between Arjuna and Karna, Arjuna and Kripa, the battle of Ashwathama. Bhishma is defeated, Duryodhana retreats. Prince Uttara returns victorious with wealth and Arjuna.

4. Vaivahika parva (sections: 70 - 72)

Arjuna discloses to king Virata that he and his Pandava brothers have been in his kingdom in disguise, over the 13th year of their exile. Virata's daughter princess Uttarā marries Arjuna's son Abhimanyu.

Udyoga Parva

Structure and chapters

This Parva (book) has 10 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 198 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][3] The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Sainyodyoga Parva (sections: 1 - 19)^]

The 13th year of exile is over. Kings assemble in king Virata's court to mark the marriage of his daughter to Arjuna's son Abhimanyu. Krishna gives a speech to gathered kings that Pandavas must now return to their kingdom, Kauravas must return the kingdom they got from Pandavas for 13 years after a game of dice. Krishna speculates that Kauravas may refuse the return, may use military against Yudhisthira personally visits and makes the demand, or may be willing to a peaceful transfer. The intentions of the other side are unknown, suggests Krishna, so they should send a capable ambassador to understand the intentions of Kauravas and arrange a peaceful transfer.

Satyaki reminds the gathered kings that the Kauravas got the kingdom by trick and evil, that evil people don't change. The proposed peaceful diplomacy is ridiculous, claims Satyaki, because peace can never be negotiated from a position of weakness. Only the strong who have the power and means to destroy their opponent, get a fair and just deal during peace negotiations. Satyaki recommends Pandavas should establish a visibly strong army, then start negotiations. Drupada suggests despatching envoys to other virtuous and good kingdoms to build military alliance for Pandavas. Krishna approves. Envoys spread out. Kings and Krishna return to their homes. In parallel, Kauravas are already building their alliances for war, to weaken Pandavas to a point that they do not even ask back their kingdom. Both Pandavas and Kauravas meet Krishna in Dwaraka, for their military preparations, but with morally opposite stands. Arjuna requests Krishna and his army to not fight at all, be the messenger of peace. Duryodhana, in contrast, wants the Krishna's army to serve him, be the messenger of war. Krishna decides and promises to drive Arjuna's chariot if war becomes necessary. Both sides gather a massive alliance of armies, with Kaurava group's army being larger. Salya joins Kauravas side, meets Yudhisthira to continue the effort to avoid a war. Yudhisthira convinces Salya that Kauravas are in error. Salya agrees to explain Yudhisthira position to Duryodhana. Salya leaves Pandavas camp to meet the Kaurava brothers.

Sanjaya meets Dhritarashtra as his envoy for peace negotiations.

2. Sanjaya-yana Parva (sections: 20 - 32)^]

Drupada's envoy reaches Kaurava brothers. He announces that Pandava brothers do not want war, they see war as something that ruins the world, all they want is an amicable settlement. He also informs the Dhritarashtra and Kuru family, that Yudhisthira seeks peace not out of weakness; they have seven Akshauhinis (large battalions). Drupada's envoy asks that Kaurava brothers give virtue and peace a chance, they give back that which should be returned. Bhishma responds that peace makes sense, but Karna in the court of Kaurava brothers argues war is preferable. Dhritarashtra dismisses Drupada's envoy, promising to send Sanjaya to the Pandavas with a full response.

Dhritarashtra summons Sanjaya, asks him to meet the Pandava brothers, but does not propose anything concrete about peaceful transfer of kingdom. Sanjaya meets Yudhisthira, urges peace, says war will cause losses to both sides, notes that if Pandavas kill Kauravas, it will make them miserable in victory. Yudhisthira says Pandavas do not want war, they want peace and prosperity. Dhritarashtra, claims Yudhisthira, is an abusive and greedy king, evil to the people of Indraprastha - a kingdom Pandavas had to leave during the exile, and Dhritarashtra must return the kingdom to him to make peace. Yudhisthira suggests to Sanjaya, in Chapter 31 of the parva, that he would accept a smaller kingdom if that would prevent war, further peace. Pandavas are ready for peace, and for war, claims Yudhisthira. Sanjaya returns to Dhritarashtra, urges him to take the path of peace, and in a brutally directly manner calls Dhritarashtra's approach towards Pandavas as sinful, suicidal and wrong.

3. Prajagara Parva (sections: 33 - 40)

Dhritarashtra summons Vidura for counsel, confesses Sanjaya's message have disordered his senses and caused him sleeplessness. Dhritarashtra asks for moral guidance and wisdom to lead his kingdom. Sage Vidura presents a discourse that is referred to as Viduraniti. It describes the character and habits of wise men, how they combine virtuous life with prosperity. These adhyayas also describe the duties and actions of kings that enables a prosperous kingdom. After listening to Vidura, Dhritarashtra leans for peace and an accommodation of Pandava brothers; however, he says Duryodhana wants the opposite. Dhritarashtra claims his exertion may be in vain, destiny will do what it wants to.

Sanatsujata meets Dhritarashtra for counsel.

4. Sanatsujata Parva (sections: 41 - 46)

Dhritarashtra continues in his suffering of anxiety and depression. He seeks more counsel from sage Vidura. The sage says he was born in Sudra class^[8] and has already counseled the king, perhaps the king should get second opinion from Sanat-Sujata^[9]who was born in Brahmin class. Vidura brings in sage Sanat-Sujata. Dhritarashtra asks him questions about eternal being, life after death and immortality. The response of Sanat-Sujata is another treatise called Sanatsujatiya (sometimes spelled Sanatsugatiya or Sanatsugâtîya). Scholars suggest Sanatsujatiya may have been a later insertion and addition into the original Epic. Adi Shankara commented on Sanatsujatiya, parts of the commentary too have been corrupted later by unknown individuals.

Sanatsujatiya is a treatise on spirituality, inward contemplation, and marga (paths) to liberation and freedom. Sage Sanat-Sujata insists that rituals and Vedic ceremonies are not the path to emancipation, ignorance is living death, it is true knowledge of universal self that emancipates; he suggests that gods are ordinary creatures who have realized that self knowledge.^[2][7] This view of human beings as creatures of unlimited potential, mirrors those found in the Upanishads. Craving for wealth, desire for fame and longing for power suggests Sanatsugātiýa, is a cause for misery. Knowledge, virtue and faith in fruits of action are a cause of contentment. Dhritarashtra reminds Sanatsujata that Vedas declare sacrificial ceremonies remove sins and emancipate, why should men not engage in these practices. Sanat-Sujata replies that there are different paths, all with one goal. There is great inconsistency in interpretation of these paths. Ceremonies put undue importance to external forms, often ignore the inner self.^[2] Dhritarashtra asks if one can achieve emancipation in after life by renouncing everything but without virtue and right action. Sanatsujata replies that it is the inner state that matters, not outward manifestations. The hymns of Veda do not rescue people from sin they commit. Vice and knowledge can never dwell together. Sanatsujata then outlines twelve virtues one must live by and twelve vices to avoid, followed by three requirements for free, liberated life. In Chapter 44, Sanatsujata suggests knowledge is the only path to emancipation. In Chapter 45, Sanatsujata suggests virtuous attributes and actions are the path to gain that knowledge. After the counsel from Sanatsujata, Dhritarashtra retires for the night.

5. Yanasandhi Parva (sections: 47 - 73)

The Kaurava brothers assemble in the court to hear Sanjaya who has returned from Pandava brothers (see Sanjaya-yana Parva above). Bhisma recommends peace and returning kingdom. Drona supports Bhisma. Karna objects. Bhisma ridicules Karna. Dhritarashtra inquires about Yudhisthria's military preparation. Sanjaya frankly criticizes Dhritarashtra for his vicious conduct towards Pandavas. Duryodhana reminds everyone of the warriors on their side, his own courage and readiness for war. Dhritarashtra asks about kingdoms who have allied to Pandavas. Sanjaya provides the details. Duryodhana interjects and provides a list of kingdoms who have allied with Kauravas and are ready for war. Dhritarashtra asks his son to accept peace and give back the kingdom to the Pandavas.^[3] Duryodhana mocks and refuses. Karna joins Duryodhana, mocks Pandavas and boasts his own warrior powers. Bhisma criticizes Karna again. Karna gets upset, promises to not fight till Bhisma is alive, and walks out of the court in anger. Dhritarashtra again asks Duryodhana to choose peace. Duryodhana insists on war.

Krishna explains to Karna who his biological mother is, how is a brother of the Pandavas, and why avoiding a war and virtuous peace is the right thing to do.

6. Bhagavat-yana Parva (sections: 74 - 150)

The Pandava brothers meet their counsels and Krishna. Yudhisthira opens the meeting with desire for peace. Krishna offers to be an envoy of peace to Kauravas, with the counsel that Pandavas should prepare everything for war. Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, Sahadeva and Satyaki take turns and express their views to Krishna, who comments to each. Krishna leaves for the court of Kaurava brothers, meets Rishis on the way. Dhritarashtra proposes to ill treat Krishna as envoy. Bhisma and Vidura get upset and censure the proposal. Duryodhana proposes they should imprison Krishna. The Kurus brothers attempt to accost Krishna, but fail because of Krishna's special abilities. Duryodhana invites Krishna to his home, Krishna refuses. Krishna meets Vidura, then appears in Kauravas court. There he appeals for peace and conciliation. His efforts fail. The parva then describes the symbolic story of Garuda to emphasize peace is better. Kanwa concurs with Krishna on peace. Sage Narada appears, who tells the story of Gavala, Yayati and Madhavi to explain to Duryodhana that his obstinate craving for war is wrong. Duryodhana meets Sakuni, schemes again to imprison Krishna. Krishna learns about the scheme, laughs it off. Dhritarashtra rebukes Duryodhana for thinking of imprisoning Krishna, the envoy.

Krishna leaves the city of Kauravas, with Karna in a chariot. He tells Karna who Karna's real mother is, how he is a brother of the Pandavas, asks he should join his brothers. Karna refuses, says the war will be another sacrifice. Kunti, Karna's real mother meets him, they talk.^[3] She explains what happened when Karna was born, urges him to reconsider his position about the war. Karna replies that she never was a mother to him, she abandoned him as a baby, she never sought his good so far, but now she suddenly appears in his life for her own selfish reasons. He is angry and claims that everyone wants to use him, like a boat to cross the sea of war and get where they want to go. This is his chance to fight the Arjuna, earn love and respect of the world. He promises Kunti that he will not kill the other four Pandava brothers, that his focus will be to kill Arjuna. She will have five sons after war - with either Karna or Arjuna left, just like she pretended to have five sons before war. Kunti trembles with sorrow. Krishna reaches Pandavas camp and updates them of his effort at peace as an envoy, how he failed.

7. Sainya-niryana Parva (sections: 151 - 159^]

The allied armies of Pandavas march to Kurukshetra for war. The preparations and the march is described In Sainya-niryana sub-parva of Udyoga Parva.

War preparations accelerate. Yudhisthira seeks nominations for the commander in chief of allied forces behind Pandava brothers. Many names come forward, Krishna selects Dhristadyumna. The Pandava army marches for war to Kurukshetra. Duryodhana with Karna, Sakuni and Dussasana prepare for war. Bhisma is appointed by Duryodhana as commander in chief of armies behind Kaurava brothers. Both sides select chiefs for each of their Akshauhinis (battalions) - Pandavas have 7 battalions, Kauravas have 11. Dhritarashtra meets Sanjaya, expresses his anxiety, wonders if the war is one of choice or destiny.

8. Ulukabhigamana Parva (sections: 160 - 164)

Duryodhana sends Uluka to Pandavas camped in Kurukshetra for war, with insulting messages to Yudhisthira, Bhima, Nakula, Sahadeva, Virata, Drupada, Dhananjaya, Sikhandin, Dhristadyumna and Vasudeva, as part of psychological warfare. The parva recites the fable of the cat and the mouse. Bhima gets upset when he receives Duryodhana message through Uluka. Krishna intervenes, and asks Uluka to leave the camp in peace, as he is just a messenger. Uluka insists on giving all the messages. Each person who listens to the message, replies. Uluka returns to Kauravas camp, and delivers the messages from Pandava camp to him. Duryodhana arrays his troops to face the army of Pandavas. Yudhisthira moves his army. Dhristadyumna, the commander in chief of allied Pandava forces, studies the strengths of the enemy, appoints particular warriors in Pandavas side to focus on particular warriors on Kauravas side.

9. Rathatiratha-sankhyana Parva (sections: 165 - 172)

Infighting erupts within the Kaurava side. Bhisma lists rathas, atirathas and ardharatha in Kaurava side, ridicules and mocks Karna being an ardharatha. Karna gets angry with Bhisma. The parva describes rathas and atirathas on Pandava side, ready for war.

10. Amvopakkyana Parva (sections: 173 - 198)

This parva recites the story of Bhisma past exploits and a maiden named Amva, and how his emotional attachment means he can fight everyone but Sikhandin - a battalion commander in Pandavas side. Duryodhana asks his commanders the time it will take each of them to annihilate the allied armies behind Pandavas. Bhisma mentions a month, Drona also a month, Kripa estimates two months, Aswasthama claims ten days, Karna says he can annihilate the Pandavas in five days. Bhisma ridicules and mocks Karna. Karna gets angry with Bhisma again. Yudhisthira asks his team the time it will take them to annihilate the armies behind Kauravas. Arjuna says one second. Pandava army marches to the battle front. Kaurava army marches to the battle front. Both armies face each other for war.

Bhisma Parva

Structure and chapters

Fight between Bhisma and Arjuna.

This Parva (book) has 4 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 124 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[4][5] The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Jamvu - khanda Vinirmana Parva (chapters 1 - 10)

The parva begins with a meeting of two sides where the rules of war are agreed. Rishi Vyasa, the grandfather to both Kauravas and Pandavas, offers a blessing to Dhritarashtra - who is blind - in the form of the gift of sight, so he can see the tragedy unfolding ahead. Dhritarashtra declines the offer, claiming he does not want to witness the slaughter of his family and friends. Vyasa grants the blessing to Sanjaya to see anyone and everyone, anywhere, while the war is in progress and describe the war to Dhritarashtra.^[11] Vyasa then makes a final attempt to Dhritarashtra to seek peace and avoid the war. King Dhritarashtra confides that his sons do not listen to him or obey him. Vyasa counsels war is evil, victory in war is uncertain, only sorrow and slaughter on all sides is certain no matter who wins. Dhritarashtra, aware of Sanjaya's special powers to see the world, asks him about the visible world. Sanjaya describes the sights of world to him. He describes the world near him, as well as far of places in north, south, east and west, everywhere with beautiful people, of forests, fruits and birds, of moon and planets that appear with stars at night. The description makes Dhritarashtra sad that his sons are choosing war, rather than a negotiated peace.

2. Bhumi Parva (chapters 11 - 12)

Sanjaya continues to describe the world. He mentions island nations, nations without kings, lands with white people, black people, mixed race people, celestial gems, ocean of milk and ghee. Then he describes the planets seen at night, why they are believed to be globes, that light-giving sun too is a very large sphere according to calculations of Arka, eclipses occur when planets temporary cover the sun or moon. Such is the merit of the world we live in, says Sanjaya.

3. Bhagavad Gita Parva (chapters 13 - 42)

On the 1st day of war, Sanjaya announces to Dhritarashtra that the commander in chief of Kauravas, Bhisma is dead. Dhritarashtra is shocked. He asks for the details of war over the ten days. Sanjaya describes how Bhisma marshaled the Kaurava army by declaring, "to die at home is a waste of life, a chance to die in battle for a cause is the highest honor a man can have." Arjuna described the Kaurava army as one with 100,000 elephants trained for war, 10 million chariots, 1 billion horsemen, 10 billion archers, 100 billion soldiers with sword and shields.^[11] Learning about this vast army of cosmic proportions, Yudhisthira is in grief. Arjuna reminds him that victory ultimately comes to the side of right.

Pandavas headed by Yudhisthirameet Bhisma in the battlefied before the start of Kurukshetra war. They ask for the enemy commander's permission to fight his army and him, to death.

Arjuna asks Krishna, his charioteer, to bring the chariot between the two assembled armies, to see who were assembled to fight. He sees friends, families and human beings on both sides of the war. Introspective Arjuna wonders if their cause justifies war, bloodbath. War only kills, it arouses only hate among kindreds and human beings. Arjuna tells Krishna, "I seek neither victory nor a kingdom." Arjuna doubts whether war is ever justified. To Arjuna's doubts, Krishna gives various answers. These answers range from nature of life to demands of justice, to three paths of liberated and free life, to human duty, and are collectively called the Bhagavad Gita.

Arjuna is not alone in his grief and introspection. Just before the war, Yudhisthira too takes off his armour, comes off his chariot, and with namaste (pressed hands) walks over to the enemy side. His brothers amazed by his act, join him and walk across the line of war. These Pandavas without battle armor meet and bow before Bhisma, Drona, Kripa and others - seek their permission to fight them, to death. Bhisma, moved by this humane action, says he admires their sense of humanity, and wishes them victory. Other generals of the enemy are equally moved. With choked voices and tears, soldiers of both sides cheer the Pandava brothers for their namaste and exhibition of respect for the human beings on the side of the enemy. Yudhisthira and Pandava brothers return to their side. The conches blare the start of war. The war begins.

4. Bhisma-vadha Parva (chapters 43 - 124)

On the first day, flying arrows cover the sky and a cloud of dust obscures the sun. The twang of bowstrings and battle cries of two sides creates a tempest of sound. Abhimanyu engages Bhisma, a battle that ends in draw for the day; Uttara engages Salya, Uttara dies but cripples Salya chariot; Sweta kills hundreds of princes fighting for the Kauravas. Bhisma kills Sweta, and numerous soldiers fighting for the Pandavas. The conches and drums blare to mark the end of that day's war. Hostilities end for the first day, to be continued the next day, and each side retires for the night. On second day, conches blare the restart of war. Arjuna and Bhisma battle each other to a draw.^[11] But thousands of others die. The king of Kalingas, is slain by Bhima. The king of Nishadas fighting for the Kauravas is killed. At sunset, hostilities are suspended, both sides retire. On the third day, so many Kuru and Pandava soldiers are killed that a streams of blood flow on the battlefield. On the fourth day, Bhima kills eight of hundred Kaurava brothers, shocking Duryodhana.

This sub-parva describes the various days of war through the 10th day. By the end of 9th day, the war has slaughtered over 100 million^[11] people and many key personalities of the Epic. Each night, either Duryodhana or Yudhisthira are depressed with massive losses of their men, or key generals. Bhisma makes multiple attempts to be killed by Krishna, as he knows Krishna is a reincarnation of Vishnu, and death at Krishna's hands will release him into heaven. But Arjuna prevents this from happening, because Krishna has promised not to fight, only drive Arjuna's chariot. Embedded in the parva are treatises on war - various ways to arrange and advance army, various forms of attack and defense, and war logistics. The parva also describes the efforts by Pandavas and Bhisma to a negotiated peace, even while war was in progress. These efforts fail.

At night, after the 9th day of war, the Pandavas discuss ways to kill Bhisma - the commander-in-chief of Kauravas. They can't figure it out, so they decide to ask Bhisma. They approach his tent, unarmed. Bhisma welcomes them. He says he would welcome being killed, but continues to battle because he is a trained warrior. Bhisma suggests that Pandavas should place Sikhandin in front of Arjuna, as he has taken an oath to never fight Sikhandin; they should then destroy his weapons, only then can they kill him. On 10th day, that is what Pandavas do. Everyone attacked Bhisma, but Bhisma did nothing because in front he could see Sikhandin. Soon he was fatally injured and his body so full of deadly arrows that when he fell to the ground, his body floated above a bed of arrows. When he fell, both sides stopped fighting. Everyone standing on the battlefield bowed their head and paid tribute to Bhisma. As he slipped into death, surgeons rushed to give him medical help, but Bhisma refused medical care. He called Duryodhana and made another appeal to stop the war, enter into peace negotiations. Duryodhana refused.^[4] Karna, who had taken an oath not to fight till Bhisma is alive and a general, meets Bhisma to pay homage and to seek forgiveness for his past errors. Bhisma receives Karna kindly, pardons him with affectionate words, then urges that Karna should not fight the war on Kauravas side because they are wrong and unjust; Bhisma recommends Karna to fight on the side of his step brothers Pandavas because they are on the side of truth and justice. Karna refuses to accept the advice of dying Bhisma.

Drona Parva

Structure and chapters

This Parva (book) has 8 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 204 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][4] The following are the sub-parvas:^[1]

1. Dronābhisheka parva (Chapters: 1-16)

With Bhisma fatally injured and on his death bed of arrows, Karna meets Bhisma and asks his permission to join the war. Karna meets Kauravas and consoles them on the loss of Bhisma, then advises Duryodhana to appoint Drona - their teacher - as replacement commander-in-chief for the war. Drona is coronated as the new chief of the Kauravas army. The sub-parva describes various battles, and brutal destruction on both sides.

2. Samsaptakabadha parva (Chapters: 17-32)^[ Arjuna wins a series of battle, destroys Samsaptakas, and kills Sudhanwa. Drona kills Satyajit. Bhima kills king Anga. Both sides suffer a series of losses, including the deaths of Naraka, Nila and three brothers of Karna.

The Pandavas' nephew Abhimanyu battles the Kauravas and their allies.

3. Abhimanyu-vadha parva (Chapters: 33-71)

Abhimanyu starts the day with a series of victories, slaughtering numerous fronts of Kauravas alliance. He defeats Jayadhrata, kills Rukhmaratha. His sweep attracts the focus of Kauravas. Drona collects six warriors and together they attack Abhimanyu, who is later killed by Duhshassana's son.The death of Abhimanyu - the son of Arjuna, shocks Pandavas.

4. Pratijna parva (Chapters: 72-84)

This sub-parva recites the story of Akampana, a tale to console someone who has lost a dear one. Arjuna and Subhadra cry after learning about their son's death. Krishna consoles.

5. Jayadratha-vadha parva (Chapters: 85-152)

Arjuna returns to the battlefield, and unleashes destruction to Kauravas side. Pandavas side suffers losses as well. Jayadratha is killed by Arjuna.

6. Ghatotkacha-vadha parva (Chapters: 153-184)

Duryodhana uses all means of war, fair and unfair, heroic and barbaric, breaks rules of just war when necessary, and causes havoc and major losses on Pandavas side. Drona kills Sivi. Satyaki kills Somadatta. Bhima kills Dhruva, Jayarata, Durmada, Dushkarna, Valhika, seven brothers of Sakuni, ten brothers of Duryodhana, five princes of Gandhari, and many more warriors. Ghatotkacha, the son of Bhima, similarly kills a vast array of Kauravas army formations. Karna and Kauravas focus on Ghatotkacha, killing him. Bhima cries over his son's death, as do other Pandavas. Both sides harden in their stance to destroy the other side.

7. Drona-vadha parvha (Chapters: 185-193)

This sub-book describes how Drona - the teacher who taught both Kauravas and Pandavas brothers - died on the battlefield. Drona mistakenly believes his sonAshwatthama is dead, when an elephant named Ashwatthama dies. Drona in grief becomes vulnerable, which Dhrishtadyumna exploits to kill him. Drona's death sends Kauravas army into panic.

8. Narayanastra-mokshana parva (Chapters: 194-204)

Ashwatthama who just lost his father is upset and angry at the unjust death of his father. He returns to the battlefield and slaughters Pandava army. He uses weapons of mass destruction, so-called the Narayana weapon, in anger. The Narayana weapon has the power to kill everyone who is armed. Krishna realizes the power and scale of the Narayana weapon. He uses his god powers to tell everyone to throw down their weapons, thus saving the Pandavas brothers and their army. Ashwatthama tries to use other weapons of mass destruction as revenge for his father's death, but fails. Sage Vyasa appears and explains to Ashwatthama that he can no longer fight because he is abusing his powers and unjustly using weapons. Ashwatthama retires from the battle field, an action that saves him from the destruction in days of war ahead. Ashwatthama reappears after the war ends, and takes his revenge in Sauptika Parva.

Karna Parva

Structure and chapters

This Parva (book) has 96 adhyayas (chapters).

The eighth book of the Mahabharata praises Karna's warrior abilities. He defeats four of five Pandava brothers - Yudhisthira, Bhima, Nakula and Sahedeva. However, Karna does not kill any of them in order to keep his promise to Kunti - the biological mother of Pandavas and his - to not harm his four step brothers, but only kill Arjuna (see Udyoga Parva).^[2] Yudhisthira becomes upset with Karna's action and behavior on the battlefield, criticizes Arjuna for failing everyone during the war, and particularly by not engaging Karna. This upsets Arjuna who reminds Yudhisthira, in Chapter 70 of Karna parva, that Yudhisthira's addiction to gambling is at the root cause of everything - from their exile to this unnecessary war. Krishna intervenes between the two brothers and reconciles them.^[3]

On the second last day of the war, Karna and Arjuna engage in a mortal fight, in which Karna is slowly gaining upper hand. Karna's chariot sinks into earth. Karna steps out to remove the wheel, asking Arjuna to suspend their battle, as the agreed rules of just war required. However, Krishna tells Arjuna that Karna has no right to the rules of a just war because Karna has consistently violated those rules against Pandava's army during the war, including when he disarmed Abhimanyu which ultimately,resulted in his death. Karna hangs his head in shame but continues the fight on a tilted chariot, even making Arjuna swoon. While Arjun was unconscious, Karna decided to utilize the time in extracting the wheel of his chariot. Krishna knew that it was the only time possible to kill Karna, else he was invincible. Arjuna responds with Anjalika Astra, killing Karna.

Shalya Parva

Structure and chapters

This Parva (book) has 4 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 64 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[4] The following are the sub-parvas:

1. Shalya-vadha parva (Chapters: 1-22)

2. Shalya parva (Chapters: 23-27)

3. Hrada-praveca parva (Chapters: 28-29)

4. Gadayuddha parva (Chapters: 30-64)

After three commander-in-chiefs of Kauravas army slain, Shalya is appointed the leader. He too is killed, as is Sakuni. Millions more soldiers die on the last day of war.Duryodhana in anguish leaves the battlefield, and goes to a lake. Bhima meets him there, challenges him to a battle. Bhima mortally wounds Duryodhana by crushing his thighs.

Out of 11 Akshauhinis of the Kauravas, only survivors are mortally injured Duryodhana along with Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa. From Pandavas army, all five brothers, Krishna, 2000 chariots, 700 elephants, 5000 horsemen and 10000 foot soldiers survive. Shalya parva describes the war as over with a heavy toll on human lives, Pandavas are victorious, yet a desire for revenge is brewing in Duryodhana, Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa.

Sauptika Parva

Structure and chapters

Bhima brings Aswatthama's crown gem to Draupadi (shown). It is presented as proof of Aswatthama's defeat and justice delivered for the night massacre of Pandava's sons and thousands of people by Aswatthama.

This Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 18 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The 2 sub-parvas are:

1. Sauptika parva

2. Aishika parva

Sauptika Parva describes the actions of Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa - the three out of four Kaurava survivors - after the 18th day of the Kurukshetra War.^[1] The three escape and retire in a forest. Aswatthama is angry for his father's death and the deaths caused by the war. He comes up with a plan to massacre the remaining Pandava army while they sleep, on the night after the war is over. Kripa urges delay, questions the morality of killing those who sleep, and whether Aswatthama's plan to take revenge has any productive purpose.^[3] Aswatthama argues the whole war was unfair, everyone was unfair, and revenge is the only release. Aswatthama leaves to kill the sleeping, Kritavarman and Kripa follow him. They reach the Pandava's camp and unleash weapons that kills all those who sleep.^[3]The only survivors are those who were not at the camp - the five Pandava brothers, Satyaki and Krishna.

The news of the massacre of sleeping sons of Pandavas and all the people who supported Pandavas, shocks Draupadi and Pandava brothers. Draupadi demands justice. Bhima pursues Aswatthama for justice. Aswatthama accepts defeat.

Stri Parva

Structure and chapters

The men and women performing last rites in memory for those who died during the war.

This Parva (book) has 4 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 27 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][6] The 4 sub-books are:

1. Vishoka parva

2. Stri parva

3. Shraddha parva

4. Jalapradanika parva

Stri Parva recites the trauma and grief of women after the war. It opens with a statement of Dhritrashtra's grief at the death of all his sons and grandsons.^[1] Sages Vidura and Vyasa console his grief with a treatise on death and emotional loss. These chapters present the theory of birth-rebirth. Dhristrashtra and Kaurava women then visit the battlefield. The women express their grief from loss and question war - they criticize both sides for unleashing the war and death.

In later chapters of Stree Parva, Pandava brothers and women from Pandava side meet Dhristrashtra. The blind Kaurava king attempts to kill Bhima in retaliation for Duryodhana's death - but fails because of an intervention by Krishna. Dhristrashtra repents. The Pandavas with Krishna and sages thereafter go to see Gandhari, the upset and weeping Kaurava mother who had lost all her sons and grandsons at the war. Sage Vyasa reminds her of the wisdom she taught to her sons, "victory follows righteousness", then counsels that the war was one fought for righteousness. Gandhari replies that she forgives the war, but finds it difficult to forgive actions during the war that were unjust.^[3] She demands to know why the rules of just war were abused, why cruelty (adharma) was practiced during the war. They debate whether the promise of quicker peace justify use of weapons that kill indiscriminately, other war crimes and horrors by one side against the other side. Bhima argues it does. The sages present provide a different perspective.^[1] Gandhari curses Krishna for not doing anything even though he had the power to prevent the slaughter and unjust actions during the war. Krishna accepts her curse, but reminds her that she applauded her sons when they committed wicked deeds before the war and she is questioning justice in and after war, a justice she denied others before the war.

After Gandhari, the Pandava brothers meet Kunti and Draupadi, two women on the side of Pandavas, who express their own grief for the war. They grieve and suggest war is easy to start but war never ends, and its consequences are painfully long. Dhristarashtra asks Yudhisthira as to how many people died and escaped from the 18 day Kurukshetra War on the two sides. Yudhisthira replies 1,660,020,000 human beings died, while 20,165 people abandoned the Kurukshetra war.^[3] The two sides together perform passage rites in river Ganges, in the memory of those who gave their lives during the war.

Stri parva includes Vyasa's and Vidura's treatise about death and grief, passage rites in last two Chapters, as well as saṃsāra through the fable of the man, the forest, the bees, the honey, the elephant and a well in Chapters 2 through 7.

Shanti Parva

Structure and chapters

Yudhisthira arrives in Hastinapur to be coronated as king of the combined Kaurava and Pandava kingdoms.

This Parva (book) has 3 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 366 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The sub-parvas in this book are:

1. Rajadharma anusasana Parva

This sub-book describes the duties of kings and leaders, among other things.

2. Apaddharma anusasana Parva

This sub-book describes the rules of conduct when one faces adversity.

3. Moksha dharma Parva

This sub-book describes behavior and rules to achieve moksha (emancipation, release, freedom).

Shanti parva begins with sorrowful Yudhisthira lamenting the loss of human lives during the war. He announces his desire to renounce the kingdom, move into a forest as a mendicant and live in silence. He receives counsel from his family and then sages Narada and Vyasa, as well as Devala, Devasthana and Kanwa.^[4] The parva includes the story of king Janaka and the queen of the Videhas, presenting the theory of true mendicant as one who does not crave for material wealth, not one who abandons material wealth for an outward show. Arjuna argues it is more virtuous to create and maintain virtuous wealth and do good with it, than to neither create nor have any. Yudhisthira challenges Arjuna how would he know. Sage Vyasa then intervenes and offers arguments from Vedas that support Arjuna's comments, and the story of Sankha and Likhita. Krishna concurs with Arjuna and Vyasa, and adds his own arguments.

Shanti parva recites a theory of governance and duties of a leader.^[3]This theory is outlined by dying Bhisma to Yudhisthira and his brothers (shown), as well as words from sage Vidura.

Shanti parva is a treatise on duties of a king and his government, dharma (laws and rules), proper governance, rights, justice and describes how these create prosperity. Yudhisthira becomes the king of a prosperous and peaceful kingdom, Bhima his heir apparent, sage Vidura the prime minister, Sanjaya the finance minister, Arjuna the defense and justice minister, and Dhaumya is appointed one responsible to service priests and counsels to the king. This books also includes a treatise on yoga as recited by Krishna.

Anushasana Parva

Structure and chapters

Chapters 75 to 83 of Anushasana parva describe the value and wealth cows represent, their upkeep and protection.

Anushasana Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 168 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The 2 sub-books are:^[5]

1. Dana dharma parva

2. Bhisma svargarohana parva

The Parva starts with a visit to Bhishma, who is dying. He is surrounded by sages and rishis including Vashishta, Maitreya, Sanat Kumara,Valmiki, Kapila, Vyasadeva and Narada. As with Shanti Parva, Yudhisthira asks for counsel and Bhishma replies. It includes duties of the king, officials of a kingdom, men and women. The book dedicates several chapters to cows, their importance to household's food security, agriculture and wealth.

Chapter 149 of Anushasana Parva recites Vishnu sahasranama - a list of 1,000 names (sahasranama) of Vishnu. Included in the list of 1000 names for Vishnu are Shiva, Sharva, Sthanu, Ishana and Rudra. This synonymous listing of Shiva and Vishnu as one, in Mahabharata, has led to the theory that all gods mentioned in Vedic literature are one. This is a controversial theory, as other ancient scriptures describe Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three different gods, with respective responsibilities as creator, maintainer and destructive recycler of life.

Structure and chapters[edit]

Chapters 75 to 83 of Anushasana parva describe the value and wealth cows represent, their upkeep and protection.

Anushasana Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 168 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][4] The 2 sub-books are:^[5]

1. Dana dharma parva

2. Bhisma svargarohana parva

The Parva starts with a visit to Bhishma, who is dying. He is surrounded by sages and rishis including Vashishta, Maitreya, Sanat Kumara,Valmiki, Kapila, Vyasadeva and Narada. As with Shanti Parva, Yudhisthira asks for counsel and Bhishma replies. It includes duties of the king, officials of a kingdom, men and women. The book dedicates several chapters to cows, their importance to household's food security, agriculture and wealth.^[2]

Chapter 149 of Anushasana Parva recites Vishnu sahasranama - a list of 1,000 names (sahasranama) of Vishnu.^[3] Included in the list of 1000 names for Vishnu are Shiva, Sharva, Sthanu, Ishana and Rudra. This synonymous listing of Shiva and Vishnu as one, in Mahabharata, has led^[6] to the theory that all gods mentioned in Vedic literature are one. This is a controversial theory, as other ancient scriptures describe Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three different gods, with respective responsibilities as creator, maintainer and destructive recycler of life.

Structure and chapters[edit]

Chapters 75 to 83 of Anushasana parva describe the value and wealth cows represent, their upkeep and protection.

Anushasana Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 168 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][4] The 2 sub-books are:^[5]

1. Dana dharma parva

2. Bhisma svargarohana parva

The Parva starts with a visit to Bhishma, who is dying. He is surrounded by sages and rishis including Vashishta, Maitreya, Sanat Kumara,Valmiki, Kapila, Vyasadeva and Narada. As with Shanti Parva, Yudhisthira asks for counsel and Bhishma replies. It includes duties of the king, officials of a kingdom, men and women. The book dedicates several chapters to cows, their importance to household's food security, agriculture and wealth.^[2]

Chapter 149 of Anushasana Parva recites Vishnu sahasranama - a list of 1,000 names (sahasranama) of Vishnu.^[3] Included in the list of 1000 names for Vishnu are Shiva, Sharva, Sthanu, Ishana and Rudra. This synonymous listing of Shiva and Vishnu as one, in Mahabharata, has led^[6] to the theory that all gods mentioned in Vedic literature are one. This is a controversial theory, as other ancient scriptures describe Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three different gods, with respective responsibilities as creator, maintainer and destructive recycler of life.

Structure and chapters[edit]

Chapters 75 to 83 of Anushasana parva describe the value and wealth cows represent, their upkeep and protection.

Anushasana Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 168 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][4] The 2 sub-books are:^[5]

1. Dana dharma parva

2. Bhisma svargarohana parva

The Parva starts with a visit to Bhishma, who is dying. He is surrounded by sages and rishis including Vashishta, Maitreya, Sanat Kumara,Valmiki, Kapila, Vyasadeva and Narada. As with Shanti Parva, Yudhisthira asks for counsel and Bhishma replies. It includes duties of the king, officials of a kingdom, men and women. The book dedicates several chapters to cows, their importance to household's food security, agriculture and wealth.^[2]

Chapter 149 of Anushasana Parva recites Vishnu sahasranama - a list of 1,000 names (sahasranama) of Vishnu.^[3] Included in the list of 1000 names for Vishnu are Shiva, Sharva, Sthanu, Ishana and Rudra. This synonymous listing of Shiva and Vishnu as one, in Mahabharata, has led^[6] to the theory that all gods mentioned in Vedic literature are one. This is a controversial theory, as other ancient scriptures describe Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three different gods, with respective responsibilities as creator, maintainer and destructive recycler of life.

Structure and chapters[edit]

Chapters 75 to 83 of Anushasana parva describe the value and wealth cows represent, their upkeep and protection.

Anushasana Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 168 adhyayas (sections, chapters).^[2][4] The 2 sub-books are:^[5]

1. Dana dharma parva

2. Bhisma svargarohana parva

The Parva starts with a visit to Bhishma, who is dying. He is surrounded by sages and rishis including Vashishta, Maitreya, Sanat Kumara,Valmiki, Kapila, Vyasadeva and Narada. As with Shanti Parva, Yudhisthira asks for counsel and Bhishma replies. It includes duties of the king, officials of a kingdom, men and women. The book dedicates several chapters to cows, their importance to household's food security, agriculture and wealth.^[2]

Chapter 149 of Anushasana Parva recites Vishnu sahasranama - a list of 1,000 names (sahasranama) of Vishnu.^[3] Included in the list of 1000 names for Vishnu are Shiva, Sharva, Sthanu, Ishana and Rudra. This synonymous listing of Shiva and Vishnu as one, in Mahabharata, has led^[6] to the theory that all gods mentioned in Vedic literature are one. This is a controversial theory, as other ancient scriptures describe Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three different gods, with respective responsibilities as creator, maintainer and destructive recycler of life.

Ashvamedhika Parva

Structure and chapters

Krishna Advising on the Horse Sacrifice

Ashvamedhika Parva (book) has 2 sub-parvas (sub-books or little books) and 92 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The two sub-parvas are:

1. Aswamedhika parva

2. Anugita parva

The Parva narrates the royal ceremony of the Ashvamedha initiated by Yudhisthira, after recommendations of Krishna. The ceremony is a year-long event where the horse roams any land in any direction it wishes to. The horse is followed by an army led by Arjuna, whose mission is to challenge any ruler who objects the free movement of the horse. This ceremony establishes the primacy of Yudhisthira as the emperor, and his recognition by other rulers and kingdoms. At the end of the year, victorious Arjuna's army and the horse return to the emperor's capital, and the horse is sacrificed before many kings.

The Anugita sub-parva recites a restatement of Bhagavad Gita teachings by Krishna to Arjuna. However, its authenticity and origins have been questioned by scholars.^[3] The various manuscripts of the Mahabharata discovered in India in early to mid 19th century, show inconsistencies in the 36 Chapters of Anugita, including the name itself. The so-called Bombay manuscripts further splits the Anugita into Anugita, Vasudevagamana, Brahma Gita, Brahmana Gita, Gurusishya samvada and Uttankopakhyana. The Madras, Calcutta and Ahmedabad manuscripts give different names. Hall suggests Anugita may have been composed and inserted into the original sometime during the 16th or 17th century AD.^[

Mausala Parva

Structure and chapters

Mausala Parva (book) has 9 adhyayas (sections, chapters) and has no secondary sub-parvas (sub-books or little books). Of the 80,000 verses in the critical edition of the Mahabharata - that is a version where spurious verses and chapters inserted at a later date have been removed - Mausala parva represents about 0.25% of all verses of the Epic. This makes it one of the smallest books of the Epic.

Background to Mausala parva

In days after the 18 day Kurukshetra war, Lord Krishna meets Gandhari, a meeting described in Stri Parva. In anger and grief over the death of her sons and the Kaurava soldiers, Gandhari curses Krishna with the death of all Yadavas in a manner similar to the death of her sons. She blames Krishna for his inaction and believes that he could have prevented the war and the slaughter of hundreds of millions people who died in the war. Krishna accepts the curse, explains how he had tried many times to mediate peace, how Duryodhana refused. He also explained how Duryodhana and the Kauravas had tried many times to kill the Pandavas.

Plot summary

The chapter begins with the announcement at the court of Pandavas that all Yadavas men were exterminated in an internecine war fought with clubs made of eraká grass. Yudhisthira asks for details. Mausala parva then recites the details.

The events start near the city of Dwarka 35 years after the end of Kurukshetra war. The empire is peaceful and prosperous, the youth of Yadavas have become frivolous and hedonistic. Krishna's son Samba dresses up as a woman and his friends meet Rishi Vishwamitra, Durvasa, Vashista, Narada and other rishis, who were visiting Dwaraka for an audience with Krishna. The young man playfully pretending to be a woman claims he is pregnant, and asks the rishis to predict the gender of the baby.

One Rishi sees through the prank. In a fit of rage, he curses Samba will give birth to an iron bolt that will destroy his entire race. The youth inform King Ugrasena what has happened, who asks Samba to powder the iron bolt and cast it into the Prabhas sea. The king also issues an order that no intoxicating spirits shall be produced or distributed in the Yadavas kingdom.

The town then witnesses several dark omens, including the disappearance of the Sudarshana Chakra, the Panchajanya (Krishna's conch), Krishna's chariot and the plough weapon of Balarama. Pests multiply. Sinful acts multiply, yet no one feels any shame. Wives deceive their husbands, and husbands deceive their wives. Everyone has the same terrifying dreams. People insult and humiliate their seniors and teachers. Krishna gets concerned, asks everyone to go on a pilgrimage to the sacred waters of the Prabhas sea. They do. When they arrive, the Yadavas revel in merry making, dance and drink lots of alcohol.

After Arjuna fails to protect women and children, he is depressed. He meets sage Vyasa (shown). Vyasa advises Arjuna and his brothers that they have served their purpose in life, that it is time for them to retire.

Satyaki, inebriated with wine, goes over to Kritavarma, criticizes him for scheming with Ashwatthama and killing the remaining Pandavas army while they were sleeping (see Sauptika Parva). They begin to argue who did more wrong during the war. In the ensuing fracas, Satyaki kills Kritavarma. Other Yadavas kill Satyaki for killing Kritavarma. Krishna appears and noticing that Satyaki has been slain, takes the eraká grass in his hand, which miraculously becomes a club^[9] - it is with this club he begins to slay the violent. Others pick up the grass too, which transforms into an iron club in their hands. Everyone, inebriated with alcohol, attacks everyone else. Soon everyone who is battling is dead, except Vabhru, Daruka and Krishna. Balarama survives because he was not at the fracas, and not inebriated.

Balarama and Vabhru die next. Krishna asks Daruka to go to Pandavas, tell what had happened and ask Arjuna to come with help. While Daruka was gone, the parva describes how Krishna was killed. Some of the powder cast in the Prabhas sea had been swallowed by a fish. Inside the fish, the powder has become a metal piece. Jiru, a hunter, catches that fish and finds the metal. Jiru sharpens it to make an arrow. He goes hunting, and accidentally shoots Krishna, while Krishna is meditating, thinking he is a deer. Dying Krishna consoles Jiru and then merges with the image of Lord Vishnu.

Vasudeva dies next while he is meditating. Arjuna arrives with help, for the Yadavas old men, women and children who are the only survivors. They, including the 16,000 wives of Krishna, together set off for Indraprastha. As they are leaving, waters rise, Dwaraka sinks into the sea. As women, children and the army of Arjuna walk towards Indraprastha, they are attacked by Mlechhas and robbers.^[3] Arjuna tries to defend, but he fails, his weapons do not work and exhaust. Many women and children panic and run off in different directions. The rest continue with Arjuna and arrive at Indraprastha. Arjuna becomes depressed and full of doubts about his warrior abilities. He meets Vyasa, and explains he feels he has failed those that depended on him for their safety and security. Sage Vyasa explains that Arjuna and his brothers have served the purpose of their lives, it is time for them to retire and renounce their kingdom, give the responsibilities to the next generation. Arjuna takes leave of Vyasa, meets with Yudhisthira and tells them what had happened.

Mahaprasthanika Parva

Structure and chapters

Mahaprasthanika Parva (book) has 3 adhyayas (sections, chapters) and has no secondary sub-parvas (sub-books or little books). It is the smallest book of the Epic.

Background

On their way to Mount Sumeru, deity Agni meets Arjuna and asks him to return the celestial bow he loves and always kept with him. Arjuna returns the bow (shown).

At the end of Mausala Parva, Vyasa advises Arjuna and his brothers to retire and renounce their kingdom as the purpose of their life has been served. Arjuna informs Yudhisthira of Vyasa's advise. Draupadi and the brothers agree.

Summary

King Yudhisthira coronates Parikshit as the king of Hastinapur, in care of Yuyutsu. In Indraprastha, Yadava prince Vajra is coronated as the king. Then they start their journey of India and the Himalayas.

As the Pandavas leave, a dog befriends them and they take him along for the journey. The Pandavas first go south, reaching the salt sea. At the coast of the salt sea, deity Agni appears and asks Arjuna to return his bow. Agni says that this bow was given to him by the gods to fight the evil on earth. Now, that purpose has been served and so Arjuna should return the bow back to the gods. Arjuna returns his bow. They turn southwest visiting sites along the way. Thereafter they head west to see Dwaraka. They see it submerged under the sea, as described by Arjuna in Mausala Parva. The sight of a beautiful city submerged and dead, makes them depressed. They turn north, stop at Rishikesh, then cross the Himalayas.^[2]

God Indra offers Yudhisthira to jump into his chariot to enter heaven, but without the dog. Yudhisthira refuses because he claims he cannot betray and abandon his friend, the dog.

As they cross the Himalayas, Draupadi is the first person to die. Bhima asks Yudhisthira why Draupadi died early and couldn't continue the journey to heaven. Yudhisthira claims that Draupadi suffered from the vice of partiality, in her affections for Arjuna. The remaining Pandavas continue their journey. Next, Sahadeva dies on the way. Yudhisthira explains Sahadeva like his other brothers was virtuous in every respect, except he suffered from the vice of pride and vanity, thought none was equal to him in wisdom. The brothers continue on their way to Mount Meru. Nakula dies next. Yudhisthira explains that Nakula also suffered from the vice of pride and vanity, thinking he was the most handsome person in the world. Arjuna is the next person to die without completing the journey. Yudhisthira explains to Bhima, Arjuna too suffered from the vice of pride and vanity, thinking he was the most skilled, most powerful warrior in the world. Yudhisthira, Bhima and the dog continue forward.^[1]

Bhima tires and falls down. He asks his elder brother why he, Bhima, is unable to complete the journey to heaven. Yudhisthira explains his brother's vice of gluttony, who used to eat too much without thinking about the hunger of others.

Yudhisthira and the dog continue their journey. In Chapter 3 of Mahaprasthanika Parva, as the dog and Yudhisthira continue their walk up Mount Meru,^[1] Indra appears with his chariot, suggesting he doesn't need to walk all the way, he can jump in and together they can go to heaven. Yudhisthira refuses, says he could not go to heaven with Indra without his brothers and Draupadi. Indra tells Yudhisthira, all of them after their death, entered heaven. Yudhisthira asks if his friend, the dog, can jump into the chariot first. Indra replies dogs cannot enter his chariot, only Yudhisthira can. Yudhisthira refuses to leave the dog. He claims the dog is his friend, and for him to betray his friend during his life's journey would be a great sin. Indra urges him to consider his own happiness, abandon the dog and hop into the chariot. Yudhisthira refuses to go into the chariot, explaining he cannot abandon the dog who is his companion, for his own happiness, while he is alive. The dog, watching Yudhisthira's commitment for his friend, transforms and reappears as deity Dharma. The deity Dharma then praises Yudhisthira for his virtues. Yudhisthira enters heaven on Indra's chariot.

Svargarohana Parva

Structure and chapters

Svargarohana Parva (book) has 5 adhyayas (sections, chapters) and has no secondary sub-parvas (sub-books or little books). It is the second smallest book of the Epic.

After entering heaven, Yudhisthira is frustrated to find people in heaven who had sinned on earth. He then asks for a visit to hell, and there he finds people who he thought were good and virtuous on earth. He questions whether gods were fair at all, whether virtue during earthly life means anything ever, and then in anger demands that he be sent to hell so he can be with those people who were good, just, virtuous, who he loved and who loved him. The gods then remove the fake hell they had created for show. Deity Dharma appears and congratulates Yudhisthira for always standing up for justice, truth, virtue and other aspects of Dharma.

Yudhisthira finds Draupadi in heaven, discovers that she is an avatar of shakti who was born as princess of Panchala.

Yudhisthira is happy. He meets Krishna next, in his form as Brahma. He sees Draupadi in heaven who is revealed as Shakti He meets Arjuna, Bhima, and others who are happy and shining like sun, all in heaven. He finds the 16,000 wives of Krishna as happy Apsaras of heaven.^[2]He also meets Karna and is happy to see them all.