Haridasa

The Haridasa devotional movement originated in Karnataka, India, after Madhvacharya, and spread to eastern states such as Bengal and Assam of medieval India.^[1] Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape the culture, philosophy and art of South India in general and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India.^[2]

This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas (lit "servants of Lord Hari") and took shape in the 13th century – 14th century CE period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire. The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaitaphilosophy of Madhvacharya (Madhva Siddhanta) to the masses through a literary medium known as Dasa Sahitya (lit "literature of the servants of the lord").^[3]

Prominent Hindu philosophers, poets and scholars such as Sripadaraya, Vyasathirtha, Vadirajatirtha, Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa played an important role during this time.^[3] Though the movement found its roots in the Kannada country and later spread to other parts of South India, it was a net result of earlier devotional movements such as the Veerashaiva movement (of Vachana literaturein Kannada) of northern Karnataka led by Basavanna (12th century) and the Alvar saints of Tamil Nadu (10th century).^[4]^[5] Later, Vallabhacharya in Gujarat and Guru Chaitanya were influenced by the teachings of Madhvacharya. Their devotees started the worldwide ISKCON movement.^[6]

The Haridasas were saints, some of whom were wandering bards, and considered themselves as slaves of their supreme lord - Hari. While the movement was mainly heralded by the Brahmins, it was a devotional one whose ideals and thoughts pervaded and received noteworthy contributions from all sections of society.^[7] The Haridasa movement can be considered as a part of a larger Bhaktimovement whose devotional inspiration to the masses lasted over a millennium. The Haridasa movement made significant contribution to Kannada devotional literature.^[8]

Origin[edit]

The origin of the Haridasa movement is not clearly known, with some legends indicating there were holy men and kings who espoused this form of devotion as early as the 9th century. However it is well known that the great Vaishnava religious devotionalism called Dasa Kuta found its organizational base and started to produce large congregation of devotees in the Karnataka region, largely due to the Vedanta (philosophy) propounded in the 13th century by Madhvacharya of Udupi (1238 - 1317 CE).^[4]

The Haridasas' who propagated the philosophy of Madhvacharya belonged to two groups; the Dasakuta, those who conveyed the philosophy of Madhvacharya in simple and lucid Kannada to the masses, and the Vyasakuta, those who were required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshana (scriptures).^[9] During this period, this movement became a strong spiritual force which helped a resurgence of a strong Hindu sentiment in Southern India, when Northern India was already under Muslim rule. The Haridasas' found state patronage in the Vijayanagara Empire which at its peak, ruled over the entire Southern India.^[10] Vyasatirtha was intimately associated with the empire and was considered the family guru by King Krishnadevaraya.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Haridasas' belonged to the Vaishnava school of Hinduism and worshipped Vitthala, a manifestation of the Hindu god Vishnu and all forms of Krishna (an avatar of Vishnu).^[14] The Vittalanatha temple at Pandharapura on the bank of the river Bhima in present-day Maharashtra, the Vittala Swami temples at Hampi in Karnataka and the Srinivasa temple on Tirumala hills in Andhra Pradesh are considered the holiest of places in the Haridasa context.

Preachers[edit]

The Haridasas' generally hailed from places in present-day Karnataka, but there were some exceptions such as Jayatirtha who was a native of Mangalvedhe near Pandharapura in modern Maharashtra^[15] and Naraharitirtha who was a native of either Andhra Pradesh or Orissa.^[16] Naraharitirtha (1281), a minister in the court of Kalinga was inducted into the Madhvacharya order. He composed many early devotional hymns in praise of Vishnu in the Kannada language, some of which are available today.^[17] While the Srikurmam inscription indicates that Naraharitirtha may have been the originator of this devotional movement, the songs of the Haridasas' give credit to Sripadaraya as the real founder of the movement in the 15th century.^[16]

Famous haridasas from the Madhvacharya order during the Vijayanagar empire period were:^[18]

Akshobhyatirtha
Vijayindratirtha
Raghottamatirtha
Naraharitirtha
Jayatirtha
Sripadaraya (1404 - 1502 CE.)
Vyasatirtha (1447 - 1539 CE.)
Purandara Dasa (1480 - 1564 CE.)
Kanaka Dasa (1508 - 1606 CE.; non-Brahmin saint)
Vadirajatirtha (1480 - 1600 CE.; lived for 120 years).

Growth and patronage[edit]

Sripadaraya, Vyasatirtha and Vadirajatirtha are called "three great saints" (yathi raja trayaru, as they were accorded royal patronage) in the Haridasa movement whereas the epithet "great trinity of Vaishnava composers" from Karnataka goes to Sripadaraya, Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa, though it is difficult to separate literature, music, devotion from their composite writings.^[19] The center of their activity in the 15th–16th century was Hampi, the royal centre of Vijayanagara, the regal capital of Vijayanagara empire.

The Haridasa movement gained further impetus in the 17th and 18th centuries in and around Raichur District. Some of the noted saints from this era were Guru Raghavendra, Vijaya Dasa, Gopala Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Prasanna Venkata Dasa, Pranesha Dasa, Venugopala Dasa, Mahipathi Dasa, Mohana Dasa, Helevanakatte Giriamma and Harapanhalli Bhimavva.^[20]^[21] The history of the Haridasa movement from the 13th century to the present day is the history of spreading Hari bhakti (devotion to Hari or Vishnu) to the common man and in that purpose contributed immensely to Kannada literature and to the development of Kannada language. Both the Haridasa and Veerashaiva movements pervade the length and breadth of Karnataka and exert ennobling influences upon the neighboring provinces of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.^[3]

Contribution to Kannada Literature[edit]

Haridasa movement made a significant contribution towards Kannada literature by spawning a whole corpus of devotional literature in the form of verses, hymns and musical compositions, popularizing the Dvaita philosophy postulated by Saint Madhvacharya.^[2]^[22] The literature that originated from this devotional movement is called Dasa Sahitya (or dasara padagalu - literature of the dasas). These various compositions are generally called as Devaranamas (literally meaning names of the Lord) and are sung in the praise of the god Vishnu. These compositions have the concept of Hari Bhakti (devotion to God) at their core and they usually revolve around references to Hindu mythology and the Dvaita philosophy. Some Haridasas' such as Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa also composed several Devaranamas using day-to-day episodes, morals and virtues as the central theme.^[3] These compositions were in simple Kannada language since the main objective of this movement was to take the devotional movement to the common man.^[3]^[23] In doing so, the common people were also educated in the importance of consciousness (jnana), devotion (bhakti), ethics and Hindu religion. Their hymns (padas) set to various musical tones (ragas) aroused frevor among the masses. As advocates of religious reform, the Haridasas' propounded the virtues of detachment (vairagya). Similes and metaphors found in their songs and hymns were used to great effect in achieving this.^[23] In addition to devotional songs, Kanaka Dasa authored five literary classical writings in the kavya style.^[24]Jagannathadasa, Vijaya Dasa and Gopaladasa etc., are more well known among a galaxy of composers who made rich contributions to Kannada literature.^[25]^[26]

The compositions can be broadly classified under one of the following three types:

Kavya or poetic compositions
Tatva or philosophic compositions
General compositions.

nom-de-plume (Ankita Nama)

Each Haridasa had a unique ankita nama, or pen-name, with which they 'signed' all their compositions. The nom-de-plumes of some of the most well known Haridasas is listed below:^[27]

Haridasa	Period	Ankita nama (Insignia)
Naraharitirtha	1324-1333	Narahari Raghupathi
Sripadaraya	1404-1502	Ranga Vitthala
Vyasatirtha	1460-1539	Sri Krishna
Vadirajatirtha	1480-1600	Hayavadana
Raghavendratirtha	1595-1671	Dheera Venugopala
Purandara Dasa	1484-1564	Purandara Vittala
Kanaka Dasa	1508-1606	Kaginele Adikeshava
Vijaya Dasa	1682-1755	Vijaya Vittala
Gopala Dasa	1722-1762	Gopala Vittala
Helevanakatte Giriyamma	18th Century	Helevanakatte Ranga
Jagannatha Dasa	1727-1809	Jagannatha Vittala
Mahipathidasa	1611-1681	Mahipathi
Prasanna Venkatadasa	1680-1752	Prasanna Venkata
Venugopaladasa	18th Century	Venugopala Vittala
Mohanadasa	1728-1751	Mohana Vittala
Nekkara Krishnadasa	18th Century	Varaha Thimmappa
Jayesha Vittala Dasa	1850-1932	Jayesha Vittala

Contribution to Carnatic music[edit]

The Haridasa movement developed the Carnatic music tradition as a distinct art form from the Hindustani style there by heralding a renaissance in the world of Indian classical music. Purandara Dasa, one of the foremost of Haridasas' is known as the "Father of carnatic music" (Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha) for his invaluable contributions to this art form.^[28]^[29]^[30] He was a prolific composer. Historians propose the number of his compositions in the Kannada language were as many as 75,000 - 475,000, though only few hundreds are available today.^[28]^[31] He composed several Kirtane which later served as the foundation for the Kriti form, elaborated and perfected by the Trinity of Carnatic music. He codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several graded steps such as sarali, jantai, thattu varisai, alankara and geetham, and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in the art form.^[32] The structure and lessons he formulated four centuries ago remain the foundation for all students of Carnatic music. Apart from Purandara Dasa, several later Haridasas' composed songs adhering to the same musical and philosophical traditions. Their compositions usually fell in one of the following categories: Padagalu (or Devaranama- devotional hymns), Kriti, Ugabhoga, Suladi, Vruttanama, Dandaka, Tripadi (three line poetry), Pattadi, Sangathya^[33] and Ragale (lyrical verses in blank verse). These forms of composition are still prevalent in South India and especially in Karnataka.

Though these compositions usually adhere to the carnatic style of music, some of these compositions have also been sung in the Hindustani style by musicians such as Bhimsen Joshi and Gangubai Hangal.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

Guruji

செவ்வாய், 9 ஜனவரி, 2018

Dasa sahitya

Haridasa

Contents

Origin[edit]

Preachers[edit]

Growth and patronage[edit]

Contribution to Kannada Literature[edit]

nom-de-plume (Ankita Nama)

Contribution to Carnatic music[edit]

Dasa sahitya

Some noted composers of Dasa sahitya[edit]

Gopala dasaru compositions

Index – Dasara padagalu Lyrics

கருத்துகள் இல்லை:

கருத்துரையிடுக

Vaishnavism
Part of a series on

Supreme deity[show]
Important deities[show]
Texts [show]
Sampradayas[show]
Philosophers–acharyas [show]
Related traditions[show]
Hinduism portal
v t e

sno	Title of the Song	About Deity/Yati/ Dasaru
1	Andhantamasa prapti	Ekadashi
2	Aa mahimege mangalaarathi	Hari / Narayana
3	Aa namipe guru santathige satata(Uttaradhi mutt parampara by Jagannatha dasaru)	Guru parampara
4	Aada hodhalli	Krishna
5	Aada pogona baaro	Krishna
6	Aane bandhidhe	Krishna
7	Aarambadhali namipe	Ganesha
8	Aarathi yetthire kesava naarayanage	Hari / Narayana
9	Aarige vadhuvaade ambujaakshi	Mahalakshmi
10	Aava janmadha punya	Krishna
11	Aava kadeyinda bande	Hari / Narayana
12	Acharavillada nalige ninna	Miscellaneous
13	Ada hogona baro ranga	Krishna
14	Adadella olite ayitu	Miscellaneous
15	Adidano ranga adbutadindali	Krishna
16	Aj~janigala kuda adhika	Miscellaneous
17	Akatakata samsaaravanu	Miscellaneous
18	Akka kolalanudutha	Krishna
19	Akshaya patre haadu (Composer: Vadirajaru)	Nithya parayana
20	Alli nodalu Raama	Raama devaru
21	Allide nammane illi bande	Miscellaneous
22	Alpa manavarigalparisa	Sri Raghavendra Theertharu
23	Aluvadyatako ranga attaranjipa gumma	Krishna
24	Amba ni huva paalise vara	Gowri/Parvathi
25	Amba thaneya he ramba	Ganesha
26	Ambe kalikuthali	Krishna
27	Ambiga na ninna nambide	Miscellaneous
28	Amma lakumi devi	Mahalakshmi
29	Amma nimma manegalalli	Krishna
30	Ananda Ananda matte paramananda	Hari / Narayana
31	Ananda mayage(Aarathi song)	Hari / Narayana
32	Ane bantane bantane bantamma	Miscellaneous
33	Angaladolu raamanadidha	Raama devaru
34	Anganaamani ranganamani	Miscellaneous
35	Anjaneya amara vandhitha	Hanuma
36	Anjikinyatakayya sajjanarige	Hanuma
37	Annadana Mahima sulaadhi	Miscellaneous
38	Antakana dutarige kincittu dayavilla	Miscellaneous
39	Antarangadhalli hariya kanadava	Hari / Narayana

செவ்வாய், 9 ஜனவரி, 2018

Dasa sahitya

Haridasa

Contents

Origin[edit]

Preachers[edit]

Growth and patronage[edit]

Contribution to Kannada Literature[edit]

nom-de-plume (Ankita Nama)

Contribution to Carnatic music[edit]

Dasa sahitya

Some noted composers of Dasa sahitya[edit]

Share this:

கருத்துகள் இல்லை:

கருத்துரையிடுக